Written Stories
Richter Fort: A Site of Enslavement and Contested Histories in the Heart of Osu, Accra
Located on 28th February Road, on the main road towards La, near the now demolished Total Service Station, sits a white-painted staircase centered in a residential compound.
The staircase leads to nowhere, yet the façade of the entryway to the compound suggests a past life of grandeur.
These are the remaining features of what was once known as Richter’s House (now commonly known as Richter Fort), the early 19th century home of Henrich Richter in the Danish settlement of Osu.
Henrich Richter and Danish Presence in Gold Coast
Henrich Richter is considered one of the most prominent merchants from the first half of the 19th century, during the Danish ruling era of the Gold Coast. Born on 30th August 1785, he was the first son of the white Danish settler Johan Emanuel Richter (b. 1740 – d. 1817) and the ‘mulatta’ Anna Barbara Kühberg (d. 1794), the daughter of interim Danish Governor Frantz Joachim Kühberg (1768-1769) and his mulatta wife Lene Kühberg. Henrich came from a long line of Danish people, who started occupying the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in the 17th century.
Heinrich’s father, Johan Emanuel Richter, settled in the Gold Coast in 1782 and became a private slave trader in 1789, having obtained a license from the Dutch West India Company to trade human beings to the West Indies. During his time on the Coast, he became the Commandant of Fort Prinsensten and Fredensborg, and was appointed Governor in December 1816 until his death on 5th October 1817. Following this, his son Henrich inherited his assets in the Gold Coast and outstanding payments from the Danish Government in the sum of about £2,000 (equivalent to over £194,580.00 in today’s money) during a trip to Copenhagen. With such wealth and political connections, Henrich Richter became a prominent merchant and Euro-African politician. He traded with Africans in gold and ivory, enslaved people, and was an advisor in multiple capacities to the Danish administration at Fort Christiansborg (also known today as Osu Castle).
The Richter Fort
While the inscription on the façade states 1809, historical records show that Henrich Richter moved to Richter House in early 1829. Undoubtably, his wealth allowed him to have such property, but the considerable size of the house has led some to suggest it may have been an auxiliary fort to the Danish headquarters of Christiansborg. Oral accounts suggest the same.
The house was at the intersection of roads, laid and paid for by Henrich, which connected British Accra (Jamestown) on the west and Danish Accra (Osu) on the east. It was lavishly built, and functioned as a business site, both political and commercial, and residential site, hosting Danish high society on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Henrich retained over 200 people for his trade and domestic work, some employed and some enslaved, including five cooks.
Henrich lived at Richter House with his children, servants, and captives from the Asante Kingdom’s Battle of Dodowa of 1826, including a 13 year old girl named Sewah (probably ‘Serwaa’). Among the captives were Akua Pusuwa, the wife of Asantehene Osei Yaw Akoto, and her daughter, with whom Henrich had his first son (Robert Wilhelm) in 1831.
Contested histories and their present past
Richter Fort is recognised by the Ghana Museums and Monuments Board as a monument of national importance, although only few features remain today.
This structure, as a site of enslavement, power, and creation of mixed heritage by way of European and African presence, has produce contested histories of ownership and legitimacy.
In 2011, the Accra High Court delivered a judgement on a legal challenge brought by Ernest Richter, a descendant of Henrich, against Emmanuel George Awuku, to establish ownership of the House. The case was resolved in February 2015 at the Accra Court of Appeal, with ownership assigned to Ernest Richter and his family. On the day the court bailiff was serving notice to the residents of the House, who had been accountable to Emmanuel George Awuku as the owner, I was visiting the site. After the last Richter left the House, it had been the home of people who, although claim to be descendants of Henrich Richter, are not recognised as legitimate descendants and are seen as ‘squatters.’ During my visit, I witnessed distressed and appalled residents at the news they had to leave the House. In an assertive manner, an elderly woman, born and raised in the House, expressed discontent at how her side of the Richter family had been treated over the years. While there is no evidence, as claimed, that she is a descendant of Henrich Richter by blood, or that she acquired the name by virtue of her ancestors and family living there, it was unsettling to bear witness to how the past was shaping the present.
The history of the Richter Fort shines light on some of the actors of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and the social and economic entanglement of those born out of the development of a new ethnic identity (Euro-Africans). Through the 2015 legal battle at the Accra Court of Appeal, it also provides a foundation in the Ghanaian context for how historical records can be leveraged to assert ownership over historical sites and create belonging. Yet, it also makes one wonder if history and its preservation, through the construction of a museum or heritage site – as it is the intention of the Richter family – warrants displacing and rendering people homeless. This phenomenon is not new historically; but, one may argue that this House provides us an opportunity to reflect on what it means to create and curate inequitable sites of heritage, which become devoid of the multiple layers of its biography.
Bibliography
Ipsen, Pernille. Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2015.
Justesen, Ole. “Henrich Richter 1785 - 1849: Trader and Politician in the Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast.” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana New Series, no. 7 (2003): 93–192. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406700.
Footnotes
[1] Mulattoes and Mulattresses were people of Euro-African descent, born out of, initially, interracial relationships between junior colonial officers and Ga women. The practice of interracial relationships and marriages on the Gold Coast, as outlined by Ipsen (2015: 1-3), “began shortly after Europeans started trading in the area in the seventeenth century and continued in Osu for generations after the official Danish slave trade was abolished in 1803. The practice was called “cassare” or “calisare”— for setting up house— and both the word and the practice were inherited from earlier Portuguese traders in West Africa. […] Entangled as they were in both the local history of the slave- trading towns in West Africa and the larger history of the European colonial system, the cassare marriages in Osu functioned as loaded transfer points of power.” This power facilitated and cemented the trade of human beings on the Gold Coast.
[2] Ole Justesen, “Henrich Richter 1785 - 1849: Trader and Politician in the Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast,” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana New Series, no. 7 (2003): 93–192, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406700; Pernille Ipsen, Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2015).
[3]Ipsen, Daughters of the Trade: Atlantic Slavers and Interracial Marriage on the Gold Coast, 21.
[4] While in Copenhagen he married Amelie Wilhelmine Nicole Hein, a white Danish woman, whom he left in Denmark while returning to the Gold Coast. She requested a divorce in 1823. They were granted consent for divorce in 1830. There is no evidence they had children.
[5]Justesen, “Henrich Richter 1785 - 1849: Trader and Politician in the Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast.”
[6] Justesen states in page 127 that it is not clear whether the site of the house was built before 1829. The inscription may be referring to the date of construction of the site.
[7] Justesen, “Henrich Richter 1785 - 1849: Trader and Politician in the Danish Settlements on the Gold Coast,” 128.
[8] “Very likely the house functioned both as a merchant's house for those African traders from the interior, who had been inveigled into trading with him by his own agents stationed in the interior, and as a wholesale house, able to receive merchandise from the commercial vessels. At the same time it enabled him to welcome the captains of the vessels, his trading colleagues and competitors from the coast in a suitably imposing setting, and to entertain them and the visiting African politicians and European officials … Richter gave dazzling parties where wines and champagne were served in abundance to accompany the many courses.” (Justesen, 155, 156)
[9] Robert Wilhelm, who was born out of wedlock, was the grandson of the Asantehene. The literature states that Akua Pusuwa’s daughter was H. Richter’s ‘concubine’, therefore suggesting a consensual relationship. However, the power dynamic between the two points to a non-consensual relationship. Akua Pusuwa’s daughter was reportedly named Mahnu or Manuh (probably ‘Maanu’, the name of a female second born in Twi).
[10] “This matter is about a claim to ownership of land between two distinct families; that is the original Richter Family and the Richter Family that developed following the auction of some Richter properties. The original Richter Family was represented by the plaintiff/respondent and the Richter Family that developed is represented by the first defendant/ appellant.” (Ernest Richter v. Emmanuel George Awuku (2015) JELR 69048 (CA) COURT OF APPEAL, CIVIL APPEAL NO. H1/48/2014)
The Story of Theodosia Okoh
Perhaps you have heard of the Black Stars. Ghana’s famous soccer team gets its name from the star in the middle of its flag—an allusion to Marcus Garvey’s Black Star Line. Ghanaians are also taught the significance of the other colors in the flag designed by artist and activist Theodosia Okoh: the red for those who shed their blood fighting for independence; yellow for the mineral wealth of the nation; and green for the vegetation and deep connection to nature.
Mrs. Theodosia Okoh, the designer of the flag passed away in 2015 at the age of 93. We caught up with her daughter Ama Okoh—born in Accra in 1954—to discuss her mother’s legacy and to learn more about the culture and politics of Ghana in the 60s and 70s.
Mrs. Theodosia Okoh - Courtesy of Old Achimotan Association
The Nana Project: Growing up in Ghana in the 60s, what did you do for fun?
Ama Okoh: I lived in a neighborhood [Ridge] that had lots of kids. It was a very cohesive neighborhood, and all the parents knew each other. We rode bikes, formed clubs and got into all types of adventures. We would perform plays we made up from books we had read. “Ampe” was also popular with us girls. It was the early 60s/late 50s, so boys would sing Elvis and pretend to play instruments. I got to know more about highlife as a teenager when I went to boarding school. As a child a lot of the highlife we heard was big band music.
TNP: Do you remember when famous people came to Ghana?
AO: Back in the Nkrumah days, the president was very interested in other cultures. He was very popular since he went to school in the U.S. and had lots of connections with the U.S. and the struggles of the African Americans. Lots of people came to Ghana. Then of course he was a socialist so there would be people from Russia. When Muhammad Ali came to Ghana, I don’t think I was in the country but my brother saw him. I remember seeing Louis Armstrong, Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip when they came. When the Queen came, at school we were all given flags and we all went to line up on Castle Road to wave our flags and all of that. It was exciting to see some of these people. You heard about them on the radio, so to see them in person was very exciting; it made them real.
TNP: Which secondary school did you attend?
AO: I attended Achimota school, and then went to the sixth form at St. Monica’s. I started at Achimota in fall of 1966. From primary school we took our common entrance exam. I took mine the day after the 1966 coup, which was very interesting because we thought it might be cancelled, but we took our exam.
Louis Armstrong in Ghana - Courtesy of Ghana Web
TNP: What was it like?
AO: As you can imagine it was hard to concentrate, but we got through it. Back then I think the number of kids in school was extremely high; I don’t know the stats but I think it was high. Ghana in those days was a great country; a leader in almost everything. It didn’t matter if you went to a private or government school, they were all equally as good. I remember there was a government school—Accra Newtown Experimental—they could beat the kids in Ridge Church and Ghana International any day. I think the standard of education was very good back then. I don’t know what it’s like now but I’d fathom to guess that it’s not as evenly good. Don’t get me wrong, there were still schools that were better than others but the gap wasn’t as big.
TNP: Did your mother ever tell you what inspired her to design the flag?
AO: Growing up it didn’t seem like a big deal. She was an artist. I remember as a kid she was always painting and doing her art stuff. She had a little studio in the house where she’d do her art and we knew that prior to independence she had entered into a competition for a design and hers was chosen. It’s as simple as that. She never made a big deal of it—in fact I don’t think even my friends knew that my mother designed the flag. Later when Jerry Rawlings was in power, he decided to give her an award for it and somehow that’s when it became a big deal. Prior to that it was just a neat thing that my mom did. Back then there was strong Ghanaian pride in getting independence and becoming Ghana. In that generation, everyone wanted to help and a lot of people had been educated to help build Ghana… but you didn’t have to be political. It wasn’t a political thing. I don’t think either of my parents were members of any political party even though they both worked for the country in a way.
Courtesy of Google Ghana
TNP: Did your mother meet Nkrumah?
AO: She did meet Nkrumah. I met him as well, since my father was Secretary to the Cabinet and Head of the Civil Service. We went to Flagstaff House often for some show or other event going on, especially when most of the top civil servants were invited. Nkrumah even came to our home but not because she was the Ghana flag lady or anything. She became the “Ghana flag lady” much later in life which was thrilling. I was very happy for her because in her old age she had something thrilling. In the neighborhood where we lived, where she lived before she passed last year, everyone knew her as the Ghana flag lady. School children would come and visit because she was the Ghana flag lady. They’d come on field trips just to come and see her.
TNP: Did you know about her role in hockey?
AO: That’s what I was more aware of growing up. Hockey was part of our every Saturday and we would go to a hockey match even during the week. She’d often travel around because she had teams playing somewhere or another—so I’d tag along. She really loved the sport and she just took the helm of the association and promoted it because the only thing Ghanaians knew back then was football. Football was the sport. She did her bit for hockey and she really loved it.
TNP: Did the 1966 coup impact your father?
AO: He was with Nkrumah on the trip to Hanoi he wasn’t even in the country. It was a very traumatic time. He returned about a month after the coup, he and a bunch of senior civil servants who were on the trip came back after they heard there had been a coup.
TNP: Were they afraid to come back?
AO: I was only 11 years old at the time. No one told me anything but I know as soon as they heard there was a coup they thought about coming home. I don’t think they shared that with the president, they kind of abandoned him and left.
TNP: Did he share anything that happened in Hanoi?
AO: No…certainly not with me. All I know is that he and a couple of his colleagues decided to come back so they went to London and then came to Accra. There may have been more to the story but again I was just a child. I know it was very traumatic.
Demonstration - Courtesy of Ghana Think
TNP: Did he share anything that happened in Hanoi?
AO: No…certainly not with me. All I know is that he and a couple of his colleagues decided to come back so they went to London and then came to Accra. There may have been more to the story but again I was just a child. I know it was very traumatic.
TNP: What was that day like?
AO: There were soldiers on the street. There were barricades everywhere. They’d stop cars. I don’t know what they were searching for. It was a very surreal day I think for everyone, a surreal week or two for everybody. There was a lot of jubilation in the streets. When you’re a child you don’t know what’s really happening. I don’t think I could really understand it but I knew it was a defining moment in my life because I knew things would never be the same but I didn’t know much. I didn’t know why there was a coup or anything at that age. You learn about it when you’re a little older; the unhappiness with the president and his policies and lots of people who were arrested for no reason. He apparently surrounded himself with some people who were spending the government’s money illegally. They had court proceedings of some sort, and it was all in the papers. But again I was only 11 years old so I was reading other stuff. The only president I’d ever known was Kwame Nkrumah and to me, being naïve and a child, he was a great guy. So you don’t really know much but then things take their course. They charged people who had done bad things and sent them to jail and we just hoped the country would do well.
TNP: What did your father do when he returned?
AO: He was vetted and was looked into like anyone else. But he was a civil servant, not a politician, so he was in a different category. I’m sure there were some civil servants who were charged with various things but my dad was always very upstanding so he was fine and the new government gave him a new job. He became the chairman of the Housing Corporation which I think he enjoyed because he oversaw the building of new residential estates including Teshie-Nungua estates. He just took things in stride and did the best he could. He always saw himself as a civil servant—he was here to serve the country. He was one of those people who would say things like “I’m a civil servant I’m here to serve” so he was fine and we were fine. Life went on.
TNP: How has Ghana changed since you were growing up?
AO: I was privileged enough to grow up when I did because the country was totally different but then these things are cyclical. Ghana was a bright, shining star in the 50s and 60s. If you were outside of the county, and you said you were from Ghana people reacted positively. They knew or they’ve heard of Ghana. You felt really proud. Then we went through a period where people were leaving the country to go and work as migrant workers in Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, but then the cycle came back. Ghana was on the rise again. About 10 years ago you started to hear wonderful things about the Ghanaian economy; the economy was really doing well. That put pride back in our hearts again. Unlike my generation, a lot of whom came to the West to study and stayed, the young people are going back home because there’s a lot more happening and they want to feel like it’s possible to live there and make a difference helping the country. That’s encouraging and maybe we will see the Black Star shining again one day. I think Ghana is very unique and I say that not because I’m from there but it’s really unique among the African countries. The people are different; the way of life is different. When I go back to visit I hear people come to Ghana because it’s the only place that’s normal and they can relax. That says something. Also people are always commenting on how Ghanaians are so wonderful. I think it was unique back when I was growing up and it has remained so. A lot has changed from then since it was so close to independence and being a recent colony the British influence was definitely there. That’s worn off over the years and it’s kind of a different place now from when I grew up. Different, not necessarily worse or better, just different, a new Ghana.
TNP: Anything final thoughts?
AO: I think even though I was a child back then, there was a strong general sense of the country and of being Ghanaian. There were people like Efua Sutherland who was always doing things to promote culture and learning especially for children. I remember she had a drama studio for children and we would all go there and perform plays. There were lots of community activities when I was growing up. I don’t know if it’s the same now, again my world was very small so I don’t know how it was in other communities and other places. In Ghana now there’s a lot of buying and selling including selling of cheap goods from China. When I was a child it was more about starting industries. There were lots of people and lots of women especially who were very enterprising and entrepreneurial and doing their own thing. The government, even though I was kid I was aware, was doing a lot; building the port in Tema, the motorway and a number of industries. People thought Nkrumah was being wasteful in spending so much money but these are what ended up being foundation infrastructure for Ghana. If those things weren’t done in the First Republic, I don’t know where we would have been. They really helped the economy even in just getting goods from one place to another. I hope that spirit is still there. I think it was lost for a while but in the last 10 years it seems like it’s back and I’m encouraged by all the young people who are going back and trying to help the country. I think Ghana will be an even better “Black Star” for Africa.